Konseitu Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) no Futuru CCS iha Kampu Bayu-Undan

DILI (timorpost.com) – Akordu Paris nudar akordu internasional nebe konkorda husi nasaun hamutuk 196 nebe hola parte nudar membrunações unidas. Akordu Paris adopsi iha 12 Dezembru 2015 bainhira nasaun membru sira konsentra iha França ho konkordansia atu rezolve mudansa iklimatika global.Akordu Paris ofisialmente asina iha ONU, Nova York, 22 Abril 2016, no hahu em vigor 4 Novembru 2016.

Objetivu husi akordu Paris (Paris Agreement) makatu rezolve mudansa iklimatika global no limita rai no atmosfer nia manas menus husi 2⁰C (grau celcius) no liu level pra-industria ho limitasaun 1.5⁰C. Akordu nee, husu nasaun membru sira atu redus emisaun gas rumah kaca ou greenhouse gas emissions, nune presija esforsu koletiva hodi atinji metas sira nebe kontempla ona iha akordu Paris(Fontes: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023).

Tuir informasun husi Global CCS Institute (2022), estratejia ida atu rezolve mudansa iklimatika mundial no redus emisaun produsaun gás karbonu dioksida, mak implementasaun teknolojia Kaptura no Armajenamentu Karbonu (Carbon Capture and Storage/CCS) ho Kaptura, Utiliza no Armajenamentu Karbonu (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage/CCUS).

Saida mak CCS no CCUS?. CCS signifika teknolojia ida nebe uja hodi kaptura gas karbonu dioksida (CO2) husi fontes emisaun, hanesan plantas industria, fabrikas, no usinas de energia nebe agora dadaun iha hela atmosfer, nune hodi injeksi fali ba rai okos, no prezerva iha rezervatoriu iha rai okos ho permanente. Objetivu husi CCS mak atu redus impaktu husi greenhouse gas emissions, kaptura CO2 molok atinji to’o atmosfer, asegura sustentabilidade utilizasaun enerjia fosil ou petroleum, no ajuda atinji redusaun emisaun global (Fontes: Global CCS Institute, 2022).

CCUS signifika teknolojia ida nebe involvidu kapturasaun no armajenamentu CO2, maibe mos oinsa utilija fila fali CO2 ba nesesidade ekonomia hanesan produção de produtos químicos, no combustíveis sintéticos. Objetivu CCUS laos deit atu redus emisaun karbonu dioksida, maibe mos fo oportunidade industria foun, hodi kontribui ba ekonomia Timor-Leste. CCS no CCUS iha potensia bo’ot hodi redus carbon footprint, no apoiu tranzisaun ba enerjia ida nebe mos no familiar ho ambiente (Fontes: Global CCS Institute, 2023).

Ohin loron, nasaun avansadu sira promove makas industria CCS no CCUS tamba bele tulun redus mudansa iklimatika, netraliza no redus emisaun karbonu dioksida husi atividade industria. Nune, nasaun hotu-hotu obrigatoriumente jere rasik sira nia emisaun karbonu dioksida, nudar kriteriu prinsipal bainhira hari industria foun ruma; tantu industria petroliferu, manufaktura, fabrikasoens, no ect. Nasaun avansadu sira ohin loron ajusta an ba enerjia renovável, no hidrojerasaun hodi asegura tranziasaun ba sustentabilidade enerjia iha future (Fontes: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023).

Tuir IEA (2023), nasaun ida-idak hola papel prinsipal ba akordu Paris hodi determina tarjetu ba nia emisaun rasik, nudar kontribusaun nebe determina husi nasional (Nationally Determined Contributions/NDC). Signifika nasaun sira nebe atu loke atividade industria, manufaktura, ou fabrikasoens ruma, obrigatoriumente tenke iha responsabilidade hodi jere no redus rasik nia emisaun karbonu dioksida.

Timor-Leste presija tebes iha industria CCS no CCUS nudar preparativu, nune ita bele jere rasik no redus emisaun karbonu dioksida ba mega projeitu ho atividade industria bo’ot sira nebe sei implementa iha futuru, hanesan dezenvolvimentu kampu gas Greater Sunsire, TLNG, Refinaria, futuru ezistensia industria petroleum iha Timor-Leste tantu iha tasi laran no rai maran, fabrikasoens, manufaktura, no ect.

Tuir planu governu Timor-Leste via Ministerio do Petroleu e Recursos Minerais katak post-produsaun kampu minarai Bayu Undan sei transfer kampu BU ba projeitu CCS. Kampu Bayu-Undan (BU) mak kampu petroliferu nebe eziste iha Tasi Timor lokalija entre nasaun rua Timor-Leste ho Australia. Distansia husi kampu BU mai Timor-Leste 250 kilometru (KM) no ba Australia 500 KM. Kampu BU lokaliza iha tasi nebe klean 80 metru ho estimasaun rezerva mina kondensadu 550 miliaun baril (MMbbls) ho rezerva gas natural 4 triliun kubiku feet (Tcf) (S.R. Neubecker, C.T. Erbrich, 2004).

Kampu BU deskoberta iha 1995 husi Companya Phillips Petroleum (Reese et al., 1997). Kampu BU agora dadaun tama ona iha faze dezenvolvimentu ho produsaun. Tuir informasaun husi autoridade nasional petroleu no mineral (ANPM) ho SANTOS nudar kompanya operador katak produsaun minarai hahu tun gradualmente, nune estimasaun kampu BU nia tempu produsaun (life time production) to’o deit fim 2023 ou 2024 tamba kampu BU sei la ekonomis.

Iha industria petroliferu kampu la ekonomis signifika kustu operasaun ba kampu refere boot liu kompara ho kustu rekoperasaun ka profit, nune sedu ou tarde kompanya sei halo desmantelamentu ba kampu refere. Antes nee, kampu minarai KITAN nebe deskobre iha 2008 no halo dezenvolvimentu ho produsaun hahu 2011 hapara ona produsaun iha 2015 tamba la ekonomis. Kompanya Eni nudar operador ba kampu Kitan (Yokote et al., 2012). Durante nee, atividade produsaun refere kauja no husik ona CO2 iha atmosfer, nune presija kaptura no injeksi fali CO2 ba rezervatoriu iha rai okos.

Tuir L. B. Ledlow et al., (2008), strutura formasaun jeolojia kampu BU. Predominante ezistensia hidrokarbunetu iha kampu BU akontese iha tempu jeolojia inisiu no mediu Jurasik Formasaun Plover no to’o Jurasik Formasaun Elang. Nunemos, interval zona rezervatoiu kampu BU forma husi Frigate no Formasaun Flamingo. Indikasaun vizibilidade zona gas no bee (gas-water-contact) iha kampu BU bele hare iha klean 3109 mSS TVD ou 10198 feet. Inklui sumariu stratigrafia no karakterizasaun rezervatoriu kampu BU. Reservoir Elang no Plover indika temperature nebe as ho presaun normal, porosidade ki’ik, no permeabilidade as iha fatuk sandstone, nunemos kampu BU eziste strong water drive ou iha aquifer influx durante periodu produsaun hidrokarbunetu.

Tamba nee, dadus explorasaun kampu BU, mapamentu reservoir iha tasi no rai okos (subsurface mapping) kampu BU,dadus produsaun kampu BU, no futuru estudu tekniku detailu kampu BU presija tebes, nune bele re-avalia, ajusta no re-dezenu bazea ba karakteristiku kampu, hodi garantia implementasaun sucessu industria CCS no CCUS iha kampu BU.Tuir L. B. Ledlow et al., (2008), kampu BU asosia ho trending faults, tamba nee presija tebes identifika komponente sistema petroliferu, karakteristiku jeokimika iha rezervoir kampu BU, no kondisaun jeolojia.

Tipu reservoir ou formasaun jeolojia nebe normalmente uja ba armajenamnetu karbonu dioksida-CO2 mak: depleted gas reservoirs, limited aquifers, carbonate rock formations, oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifer formations, no sub-seabed storage.

Molok implementasaun projeitu CCS iha kampu BU, iha etapa preparasaun nebe kritiku no importante tebes hodi tau konsiderasaun mak:

1. Analizasaun Fontes Emisaun. Signifika presija halo identifikasaun no evalua fontes emisaun prioritariu nebe sai fokus ba projeitu CCS iha BU. Nune mos, halo analiza konaba karakteristiku emisi husi fontes refere, inklui volume no kompozisaun gas.

2. Mapamentu,Karakterizasaun Ambiente Jeolojia, no Fatin Armajenamentu CO2. Signifika presija halo mapamentu rai okos hodi determina potensia akumulasaun CO2. Inklui, estudu detailu konaba identifika karakteristiku fatuk nebe pertense hodi sai armajenamentu akumulasaun CO2, kapasidade no estabilidade CO2 atu prezerva, no karakteristika jeokimika.

3. Legalidade, Lisensamentu no Kontratu CCS, no Dekretu Lei. Signifika presija kria lei hodi regulariza atividade industria CCS, asegura industria refere obedese tuir kontratu, lei no lisensa ambiental. Nunemos, projeitu refere hetan aprovasaun lisensa husi autoridade relevante, nasaun no tuir padraun internasional.

4. Analizasaun Ekonomia no Finansiamentu. Signifika presija halo evaluasaun ekonomia no estudu viabilidade konaba projeitu CCS nebe kalkula hotu konaba investimentu osan projeitu ka finansiamentu projeitu, kustu operasional, no kustu manutensaun projeitu CCS. Nunemos, presija halo estudu hodi identifika fontes finansiamentu, lukru husi projeitu, no politika insentiva nebe kontribui fo apoiu ba projeitu CCS.

5. Teknolojia no Infrastruktura Projeitu CCS. Signifika hili teknolojia no hari infraestrutura projeitu CCS tenke kumpri no tuir fontes emisaun no karakteristiku jeolojia rejional ho lokal. Inklui, dezenvolvimentu infraestrutura transportasaun CO2, no instalasaun armajenamentu.

6. Involvimentu Entidade Stakeholder ba Projeitu CCS. Signifika presija intensifika komunikasaun no kolaborasaun husi parte stakeholder, inklui komunidade lokal, governu no industria relevante. Nunemos, presija halo indentifikasaun no fo resposta ba eskeptisaun husi momunidade, nune bele halo dezenvolvimentu no asistensia sosial.

7. Monitorizasaun no Verifikasaun Projeitu CCS. Signifika presija dezenvolve teknika monitorizasaun avansadu, nune bele halo monitotizasaun diariamente ba emisaun CO2 no armajenamentu. Nunemos, presija forma prosedimentu teknika verifikasaun independente hodi asegura obediensia projeitu tuir padraun no regulamentu.

8. Treinamentu no Konscientizasaun. Signifika oferese formasaun kontinuada ba ekipa sira nebe involve an iha projeitu CCS, inklui ekipa operasional, monitorizasaun, no jestaun risku. Inklui, presija dezenvolve no konsiensialija komunidade konaba benefisiu, segurança implementasaun projeitu CCS. Tamba nee, presija tau atensaun seriu ba aspeitu hirak nebe elabora iha esplikasaun leten hodi tulun sucessu ba implementasaun projeitu CCS ho efetivu, ekonomika, no sustentabilidade.

Implementasaun projeitu CCS presija adopta no kumpri tuir padraun internasional nebe involve husi:

1. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27916:2019 konaba Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage. Padraun ida nee, oferese giaun konaba aspeitu teknika no ambiental husi kapturasaun, transportasaun, no armazenamentu CO2.

2. ISO 14040noISO 14044konaba Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Padraun LCA ajuda hodi evalua implikasaun ambiental husi projeitu CCS nebe holistiku hahu husi etapa kapturasaun, prudusaun to’o siklu ikus industria.

3. ISO 14067konaba Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products. Padraun ida nee, uja hodi sukat produtu carbon footprint, inklui implementasaun CCS ba redusaun carbon footprint.

4. ISO 14046 konabaWater footprint. Padraun ida nee, relevante ho projeitu CCS tamba ajuda identifika no evalua implikasaun utilijasaun bee iha aspeitu hotu-hotu iha siklu vida projeitu CCS.
5. ISO 15663konaba Life cycle costing. Padraun ida nee, ajuda hodi halo kalkulasaun ba kustu finansiamentu projeitu CCS durante siklu vida projeitu, inklui kustu investimentu, kustu operasional, no kustu manutensaun projeitu CCS.

6. IEA (International Energy Agency) Guidelines for Carbon Capture and Storage. Padraun ida nee, preve informasaun pratika no teknika oinsa dezenvolve no implementa projeitu CCS.

7. IEAGHG (International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme) konaba Monitoring and verification of geologic storage projects for CO2 captured from combustion of fossil fuels. Iha padraun ida nee, kontempla matadalan spesifikamente hodi halo monitorizasaun no verifikasaun ba armajenamentu CO2.

8. IEC 61892konaba Electrical installations for mobile and fixed offshore installations – Requirements for coal mine methane capture and utilization projects for electrical power generation. Padraun ida nee, foka ba kapturasaun no utilijasaunmetana tambang batubara, nebe bele hola parte husi projeitu CCS. Utilijasaun padraun internasional ba projeitu CCS, depende ba tipu projeitu CCS, etapa no siklu vida projeitu, aspeitu tekniku, jeografia, no bazea ba jeolojia rejional kada tipu projeitu nebe atu akomoda. Projeitu CCS nebe efektivu no seguru, normalmente kumpri no obedese tuir padraun internasional sira, nune hodi asegura sucessu ba implementasaun projeitu CCS no CCUS.

Nasaun sira nebe partisipa ativu ba kriasaun padraun internasional ISO/TC 265 mak: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Irlandia, Japan, no Korea. Padraun ISO/TC 265 akomula padraun sira nebe relevante ho Kapturasaun, Armajenamentu, Kuantifikasaun no Verifikasaun, issue sira nebe relevante ho enhanced oil recovery (EOR), no cross cutting issue. Infelizmente, iha krisaun padraun nee Timor-Leste la partisipa. Nasaun membru observador sira mak: Argentina, Belgium, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Hungaria, Iran, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Qatar no Serbia (Indonesia CCS Center, 2023).

Konkluzaun:

1. Iha futuru, Timor-Leste hakarak sai sentru CCS iha ASEAN no rejional, entaun presija harii sentru CCS Timor nian, ho misaun hodi fasilita peskija, studu teknika no finansiamentu, kriasaun regulamentu, no kolaborasaun ba implementasaun CCS iha Timor-Leste. Presija mos hari entidade kriasaun padraun nasional nebe independente, nune bele posibilija involvimentu Timor-Leste nia partisipasaun iha ISO.

1. Dezenvolvimentu teknlojia CCS no CCUS sei estimula inovasaun iha seitor enerjia no teknolojia ambiental, hamosu konesementu foun, no ejije solusaun avansadu hodi mitiga no redus mudansa iklimatika global. CCS no CCUS sei hamosu oportunidade ekonomia foun, inklui kriasaun kampu trabalho iha seitor konstrusaun, operasional, manutensaun, inklui dezenvolvimentu teknolojia, dezenvolvimentu infraestrutura, no diversifikasaun portofoliu enerjia, no liu-liu dezenvolvimentu siensia, teknolojia, transferensia skills ba rekursu humanuTimoroan. God bless.

Referensia:

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